Legal Insights
Plain-language guides and case briefs on Philippine law — researched from the firm's law library of 184,000+ statutes, Supreme Court decisions, and agency issuances, and written so non-lawyers can understand and act on them.
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BSP Circular 1108 VASP Guidelines: Licensing, Capital, and Compliance Rules
BSP Circular 1108 sets the VASP guidelines in the Philippines, covering licensing, capital, wallet security, and reporting duties for virtual asset firms.
Payment System Operator Registration with the BSP: A Step-by-Step Guide
Learn how to register as an Operator of a Payment System with the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas under RA 11127 and BSP Circular No. 1049.
VASP License Philippines Requirements: How to Get a BSP Certificate of Authority
VASP license Philippines requirements explained: secure a BSP Certificate of Authority as a money service business, meet capital rules, and comply with Circular 1108.
BSP Anti-Money Laundering Regulations for Covered Institutions
Learn which institutions the BSP anti-money laundering regulations cover, their AML duties, and key rules under BSP Circular No. 950.
Digital Bank Licensing in the Philippines: BSP Circulars 1105 and 1154
How BSP Circular 1105 and Circular 1154 govern digital bank licensing in the Philippines, from the P1.0 billion capital rule to the application process.
BSP Circular No. 1166: Electronic Money Regulations in the Philippines Explained
BSP Circular No. 1166 governs electronic money issuance and e-money issuers in the Philippines. Learn the rules on liquidity, capital, and consumer protection.
Foreign Exchange Rules for Foreign Investors in the Philippines
Foreign exchange rules for foreign investors in the Philippines: BSP registration, reporting deadlines, and penalties under Circular No. 1197 explained.
Open Finance Framework Philippines: What BSP Circular 1122 Requires
The Open Finance Framework in the Philippines lets customers share their financial data with qualified providers under BSP Circular No. 1122. Here is how it works.
Operators of Payment System Registration Rules Under BSP Circular No. 1191
Learn the BSP registration rules for operators of payment systems under the MORPS, including who must register, how, and what compliance requires.
BSP Circular 1206: Consolidated Rules for Money Service Businesses
BSP Circular 1206 consolidates all rules for money service businesses into the MORNBFI M-Regulations, covering registration, capital, and reporting.
BSP Regulatory Sandbox Framework: How Circular 1153 Works
BSP Circular No. 1153 institutionalized the Regulatory Sandbox Framework, letting firms test new financial products live under BSP supervision.
BSP Open Finance Framework Explained: Circular No. 1122
The BSP Open Finance Framework under Circular No. 1122 lets customers share their financial data securely with qualified providers. Here is how it works.
BSP Circular 1160: Financial Consumer Protection Rules for Banks and E-Money Issuers
BSP Circular 1160 implements the Financial Products and Services Consumer Protection Act, setting the consumer protection rules that banks and other BSP-supervised institutions must follow.
How to Register Foreign Investment with the BSP for Capital Repatriation
Learn how to register a foreign investment with the BSP so you can repatriate capital and remit earnings under the FX Manual and BSP Circular No. 1192.
Digital Bank License Philippines: Requirements, Capital and How to Apply
How to get a digital bank license in the Philippines: BSP Circular 1105 requirements, the P1.0 billion capital rule, and the current application window.
Passion and Obfuscation in Parricide: The Singcol Case and Limits of Self-Defense
The Supreme Court in People v. Singcol clarifies self-defense limits, passion and obfuscation as a mitigating circumstance, and treachery in murder.
Finality of Judgments: Why the CIR's Appeal in CIR v. Script2010, Inc. Was Denied
The Supreme Court denied the CIR's appeal in CIR v. Script2010, Inc., reaffirming that final and executory judgments can no longer be disturbed.
Circumstantial Evidence in Philippine Criminal Law: When Is It Enough to Convict?
The Supreme Court acquits a rape-with-homicide accused, clarifying when circumstantial evidence falls short of moral certainty.
Eyewitness Identification: When Photo Lineups Pass Due Process Scrutiny
The Supreme Court clarifies when out-of-court photographic identification passes due process, citing the totality of circumstances test.
Renewable Energy VAT Refunds: What Hedcor v. CIR Means for Philippine Developers
The Supreme Court clarifies when renewable energy developers can claim VAT refunds under of the NIRC versus seeking reimbursement from suppliers.
Inordinate Delay and Insanity Defense in Philippine Criminal Cases: Insights from People v. Ragudo
Learn how the Supreme Court's ruling in People v. Ragudo clarifies insanity defenses and qualifying circumstances in Philippine criminal cases.
Treachery in Philippine Criminal Law: Lessons from People v. Nelson Sia, Jr.
Understand treachery as a qualifying circumstance in murder under Philippine law, explained through the Supreme Court's ruling in People v. Nelson Sia, Jr.
Unreliable Eyewitness Testimony: When Flawed Identification Leads to Acquittal
The Supreme Court acquits an accused when eyewitness identification is unreliable. Learn the totality of circumstances test and key safeguards.
Rape Convictions and the Burden of Proving Qualifying Circumstances in Philippine Law
The Supreme Court clarifies that qualifying circumstances like relationship must be alleged and proven beyond reasonable doubt in rape cases.